“I’m not a psychopath, Anderson. I’m a high-functioning sociopath. Do your research!” This increasingly famous line from the BBC’s Sherlock is intended to make Sherlock Holmes appear witty and intelligent, and to the uneducated viewer it does just that; however, Holmes is neither a psychopath nor a sociopath. The popular detective displays a number of psychological symptoms, but they certainly do not point toward sociopathy.
To give some important background on psychopathy and sociopathy, a psychopath typically displays qualities such as amorality, lack of empathy, and lack of guilt. Similarly, a sociopath displays qualities such as amorality, lack of sociality, lack of empathy, and lack of guilt. If that seems a little (or a lot) redundant, it’s because a psychopath and a sociopath are actually the exact same thing! They are two terms coined at different times by different people to describe the same disorder.
Now that you know a little about psychopathy (From here on out, it’ll be referred to as psychopathy, rather than sociopathy. It’s the term more commonly used by psychological professionals today), it’s time to present the arguments against Sherlock’s possession of the disorder. To familiarize you, some key symptoms of psychopathy are superficial charm, complete lack of anxiety, untruthfulness, lack of deep emotions, poor judgement (and often impulsiveness), and lack of empathy. It’s also worth noting that in popular culture, psychopathy is often associated with a high level intelligence because of highly intelligent characters that are portrayed as (though not actually) psychopaths. I’ll refer to this as the Hannibal Lecter effect, in reference to one of the most well known film and television pseudo-psychopaths. Contrary to this belief, research in psychopathy actually shows a negative relationship between psychopathic tendencies and intelligence. Put simply, a high level of psychopathy indicates a lower-than-average level of intelligence.
Now that the Hannibal Lecter effect has been debunked, Holmes’s intelligence can be used as an argument against his psychopathy. One character trait that cannot be disputed is his high level of intelligence, which decreases the likelihood of psychopathy immediately.
As far as the rest of the symptoms go, it can be argued that Sherlock lacks any charm. He is socially inept, and widely disliked. Despite this, the character seems to grow on people, but this charm is not superficial. On the contrary, viewers, readers, and other characters begin to like the character more as his deeper personality traits and emotions are revealed. In the BBC series, when Sherlock’s colleague and friend, John Watson, is burning to death, Sherlock displays both anxiety and deep emotion. He panics and rushes to the scene and risks his life to save his friend in a great display of courage and love. This is not the behavior of a psychopath.
I could continue on all day about how Mr. Holmes displays few, if any, symptoms of psychopathy, but this is neither a psychological paper nor a character analysis: It’s a blog article intended to articulate my point of view of the character. That being said, I’m going to move onto my hypotheses about the character. Here they are:
1. Sherlock Holmes has Asperger’s Syndrome.
2. Sherlock Holmes has depression.
3. Sherlock Holmes is otherwise nothing more than a very eccentric individual, and there is nothing wrong with that. One does not need to have something chemically wrong in his or her brain in order to be interesting.
Hypothesis number one: Sherlock Holmes has Asperger’s Syndrome. Asperger’s syndrome is characterized by a desire to fit in and interact with others, but the inability to do so efficiently. Our beloved socially awkward detective fits this to a tee. Sherlock has a great many acquaintances, but doesn’t seem to understand how to interact with them and make them like him. This results in a lot of socially unacceptable comments from Sherlock and a great many uncomfortable moment for people who spend a lot of time in his presence. Something else many people with Asperger’s struggle with is understanding nuances of speech, like sarcasm and anything else that isn’t formal and straightforward. Holmes demonstrates this characteristic as well, and he speaks with extraordinarily formal English. A final argument for this hypothesis is that most people with this syndrome are of average or above-average intelligence. This is consistent with Sherlock Holmes, as he is of above average intelligence.
Hypothesis number two: Sherlock Holmes has depression. This one involves a lot of extrapolation on my part, but give it a chance. Holmes often complains about being bored, he sustains a drug habit (though the drug changes depending on the adaptation of the character), and he frequently goes into long bouts of silently doing nothing but staring at the ceiling, refusing to speak or even get up to eat. Extreme boredom, though frequently overlooked, is a red flag for depression. Many people with depression are bored with life. Often times, people with depression use drugs to distract themselves from the unpleasant realities of the disorder, though Holmes’s drug use could easily be attributed to other factors. The biggest indicator of depression is the consulting detective’s penchant for inactivity. Lack of motivation to carry out daily functions is another red flag for depression.
Hypothesis number three: Sherlock Holmes is otherwise nothing more than a very eccentric individual, and there is nothing wrong with that. One does not need to have something chemically wrong in his or her brain in order to be interesting. This really shouldn’t need explaining. Sherlock Holmes is an interesting character! He’s intelligent and witty, and detective work has been fascinating to humans for a very long time. There’s nothing wrong with liking a character just because he’s interesting, and there is certainly no law that says an interesting character can not exist without some sort of mental disorder or illness.
Congratulations! You’ve reached the final paragraph (known to some as the conclusion). To recap, a psychopath is the same thing as a sociopath, and Sherlock Holmes is neither. Mr. Holmes is likely a sufferer of Asperger’s Syndrome or depression, but in any case, he is interesting! Interesting characters surround us, and we should be grateful that they exist. Instead of applying disorders and labels to our favorite characters, we should try to enjoy them and relate with them. That is why they were created after all!
Here are links to some resources* that I found helpful and/or and you might as well:
The List of Psychopathy Symptoms: Hervey Cleckley and Robert Hare
http://www.criminalelement.com/blogs/2012/08/stop-calling-sherlock-a-sociopath-psychologist-maria-konnikova
http://psychcentral.com/disorders/depression/
http://litreactor.com/columns/a-study-in-sherlock
http://www.autism-society.org/about-autism/aspergers-syndrome/
Photo credit:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b018ttws
* Please note that I did not extract all my information from these resources. I have a tendency to do a lot of personal research, and I retain what I find interesting. If I mention a fact and you can’t back it up with one of these references (which I don’t believe should happen), feel free to let me know, and I can direct you to a resource that will elaborate upon it.